Light system with stacked light pipe structure

ABSTRACT

The present invention includes decorative, architectural, and building materials and methods of making these materials, using them or both. The present invention relates to an article of manufacture that includes a light source and a substrate with a plurality of volumes of material, where each volume is capable of transmitting light from one location to a second location on a surface of the substrate. The present invention also relates to an article of manufacture having a substrate with a first surface, and a volume of material contained within the substrate and adapted to transmit light from a first location on the first surface to at least a second location. The present invention also relates to methods of making the articles and to methods of transmitting information.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/756,825, filed 5 Jan. 2006 and entitled “Light System with StackedLight Pipe Structure,” and is a Continuation in Part of U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/694,481, filed 27 Oct. 2003 and entitled “Light PipeContaining Material”, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/500,124 filed 4 Sep. 2003. All three applications areincorporated in their entirety by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to decorative, architectural, and buildingmaterials and more particularly to materials that include light pipes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1-3 are cross-sectional views of different variations of thepreferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a top view of a surface of the substrate (and the ends of thestacked light pipe structure) of the preferred embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 5-8 are cross-sectional views of different variations of thepreferred embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description of the preferred embodiments of the inventionis not intended to limit the invention to these preferred embodiments,but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use thisinvention.

The present invention includes decorative, architectural, and buildingmaterials and methods of making these materials, using them or both. Thelight system of the present invention may be used as a sign forpedestrians, vehicles, or bicycles in concrete barriers or abutments,may be used as a display in or on building walls, floors, or ceilings,or may be used in any other suitable environment.

The light system of the present invention includes at least one lightpipe in a substrate, where the light pipe transmits light from onelocation on a first surface of the substrate to another location on thesame surface of the substrate, to another surface of the same substrate,to a location on the surface of another substrate, or any combinationthereof. The light pipe transmits light from a point along its length toone of its ends on a surface of the substrate. Preferably, the lightpipe transmits light from one of its ends to one of its other ends inmanner such that the surfaces are connected by light.

In one embodiment of the invention, for the light pipe to transmit lightthere is a refractive index boundary creating internal reflectance oflight within the light pipe, allowing light to be transmitted along atleast a portion of the length of the light pipe. The boundary can beformed at the interface of the light pipe material and a substrate.Preferably, the refractive index of the light pipe is higher than thenrefractive index of the substrate. Alternately or additionally, acoating, sheath or other material on the light pipe can be used tocreate the refractive index boundary. Alternately or additionally, theboundary can be the result of a physical discontinuity in the lightpipe/substrate such as an edge, rim, lip, perimeter or border. In thisembodiment, the light pipe may be made from the same material as thesubstrate or at least from a material with the same refractive index asthe substrate. Any combination of these variations may also be employed.

The size and cross-section of the light pipe is limited only byavailable manufacturing techniques, although typically, the light pipeswill have length that is longer than their width, where the length isthe distance between the two surfaces connected by the light pipe. Thewidth of the light pipe may be anything from about a micron to aboutseveral centimeters. For example, light pipes of about 1 micron, about 5microns, about 10 microns, about 50 microns, about 100 microns, about500 microns and about 1000 microns are suitable, as are light pipes ofabout 2.5 mm, about 5 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, about25 mm and about 50 mm. Light pipes are preferably consistent in sizeover their length, although the aspect may also vary, such that arelatively large light pipe decreases in size over it length or viceversa. The cross-section of the light pipe is preferably circular orrectangular, although any other cross-sections such as stars or hollowtubes are also suitable. Also, light pipes are preferably consistent incross-section over their length, although this is not necessarily thecase, such that a rectangular light pipe morphs into a starcross-section over its length. The transition from one cross-section orsize may be gradual or abrupt. In addition, the light pipe may be a filmsuch that it has a width that is substantially larger than itsthickness. Further, the use of a film would permit patterns oflongitudinal lines in the substrate formed by the light pipes. Forexample, a sinusoidal line may be formed in the substrate at either orboth ends of a light pipe. In addition, several different light pipes ofdifferent size, cross-section shape or material may be combined into alarger light pipe.

The shape of the light pipe within the substrate is limited only by theneed to have the light pipes transmit light from one point to anotheralong the length of the light pipe. Generally, U-shaped light pipes(when seen in cross-section) are preferred to transmit light from onelocation on the surface to another location on the same surface.U-shaped light pipes may also be used to transmit light from one surfaceto a generally parallel surface on the same on another substrate. Otherexemplary shapes for light pipes include L-shaped light pipes that wouldtransmit light from one surface to a generally normal surface on thesame substrate or another substrate. T-shaped and other branched lightpipes may be used to transmit light from one surface to a plurality oflocations on surfaces or from a plurality of surfaces to a singlelocation. Also, generally linear light pipes may be used to connect twodifferent surfaces of the same substrate or two otherwise opposedsurfaces. Any combination of the above variations is also possible.

In addition, the light pipes of the present invention may bediscontinuous along its length meaning that only portions of the lightpipe near its ends need to have the refractive index boundary. In thisembodiment, the light being transmitted by the light pipe is initiallygiven direction by the refractive index boundary; however, as the lighttravels along the length of the light pipe, the refractive indexboundary ends, causing the light pipe and the substrate to become one.While some leaking of light into the surrounding substrate willinevitably occur, some light will also travel to the other end of thelight pipe that has another refractive index boundary. This boundarycauses the light to again be directed.

Though light pipes of limited opacity may be employed in certaininstances, typically a preferred light pipe will be made of anytransparent or otherwise translucent material. Preferably, the materialhas percentage transmission of at least about 50%; more preferably atleast about 75%; and most preferably at least about 90%. Preferably, thematerial is at least partially amorphous or more preferably issubstantially entirely amorphous glass or a plastic such acrylates,methacrylates, polycarbonates, PET, polyesters, polyolefins, nylons,fluoropolymers and combinations thereof and combinations of glasses andplastics. The material may be flexible or rigid. The light pipe may be atube containing a transparent medium including being the same ordifferent as the substrate material that carries it, whether solid,liquid or gas. The tube may be sealed or open such that the ambient airis the transparent medium. Alternately, the light pipe may be formedfrom one or more films that are spaced from each other, wherein thespace is filled with a transparent material, including, optionally, thesubstrate material.

The light pipe material may be luminescent. For example, phosphorescentmaterial may be used such that the light pipe material glows in thedark. Alternately, fluorescent material may be used such the light pipegives off light in the presence of UV light, IR light or some othernon-visible light or electromagnetic energy. The light pipe material maybe neat or doped to achieve the desired luminescent quality.

In additional, the light pipe material may colored or doped with acolorant or other component to achieve a desired lighting effect. Forexample, one or more doping agents may be employed to alter the index ofrefraction, the strength of the light pipe material or the percentagetransmission of the light pipe. Further, the light pipe may be dopedthroughout its length or just a portion or portions thereof or it may bedoped throughout its cross-section or just a portion or portionsthereof.

Light pipes may also include a coating or sheath (transparent or opaque)designed to protect the light pipe from physical damage (e.g. abrasion)or from chemical attack (e.g. dissolution or infiltration by anundesired agent such as air, oxygen, oil, water, or the like). Forexample, several light pipes may be combined together into one cablesuch as a fiber optic cable where one protective sheath surrounds aplurality of light pipes.

One preferred approach is to employ a light pipe material that isrecyclable. Thus the invention also contemplates a step of recycling thelight pipe at the end of its useful life.

The light pipes may be made according to any conventional techniquesuitable for the light pipe material including casting, molding,drawing, extruding, glass rod forming or any suitable film formingtechnique.

As indicated above, the light pipes are preferably carried in asubstrate. The substrate may be made of any material that is compatiblewith the light pipe material. The substrate material or matrix may be acastable or moldable material, a metal, plastic, ceramic, composite,wood or wood substitute, fiber material for creating a fabric or alaminate (woven or non-woven), the same material as the light pipe, orany combination thereof. The resultant substrate may be flexible orrigid, transparent or opaque, or hard or soft to the touch. Iftransparent, the substrate material may have any of the qualities of thelight pipes such as being luminescent, for example phosphorescent orfluorescent. Preferred substrates, such as for use in architecturalapplications, include concrete, or other matrix materials suitable forproducing blocks, bricks or tiles, preferably capable of carrying loads,that incorporate at least one light pipe. Other suitable substratesinclude metals, alloys, plastics, silicones, thermoplastics, thermosets,ceramics, composites, laminates, polyesters, epoxies, and combinationsthereof including foams, gelatins and slurries. Suitable fiber materialsinclude natural and synthetic fibers for making clothing, fabrics orother woven or non-woven articles. Fiberglass, wood, fiberboard, othercomposite materials, and the like are also suitable substrates.

The surfaces including the ends of the light pipes may include surfacefeatures such as mounds, hills, other promontories, valleys, grooves,trenches or other basins. The surface features may be regular patterns,such as a sine wave, or irregular. In addition, the surfaces may bemicro- or nano-textured to alter the tactile or optical characteristicsof the surface, substrate or light pipe.

The light source is preferably a visible light source. The light sourcepreferably includes a control unit to vary the source of the light, theintensity of the light, the wavelength of the light, or any combinationthereof or otherwise. Other methods of manipulating the light, such asturning off the light source, are also suitable. Also, the interferencewith the light may be partial or complete. For example, placing acolored but translucent object between the light pipe and the lightsource may be used to permit only a specified color of light to betransmitted by the light pipe. Other types light filters may also beused to partially interfere with the light such a polarizing gradients,IR filters, UV filters, etc. and combinations thereof.

The light sources may provide visible, UV, IR or other frequencies ofelectromagnetic energy. The light sources may be point sources thatilluminate only a portion of the substrate or that illuminate only theindividual light pipes or broad sources that illuminate the environmentgenerally where the device is placed. The light source may be transient,modulated or stable in its illumination and may utilize a pattern ofillumination such as areas of illumination alternating with areas ofshadow. The source may be periodic in its illumination or it may beirregular. The light source may stationary, mobile, at rest or inmotion. Plural light sources may also be utilized. The light source canalso be capable of multiple colors or multiple light sources of singlecolors can be clustered together so as to create a module capable ofblending the basic colors (RGB) to produce a large number of derivativecolors.

In one embodiment, the light system and the light source are packagedtogether. In one variation, the light source may be located near therigid light pipe unit in an area between adjacent concrete slabs. Thelight source of this variation may be covered and protected within aserviceable weather resistant housing, by grout or another suitablematerial, or by any other suitable method or device. In anothervariation, the light source may be located in a remote area andtransmitted to the rigid light pipe unit with suitable devices ormethods (such as a fiber optic cable).

The light system of the preferred embodiment also includes a lightcontroller. The light controller functions to control a parameter (suchas the brightness, frequency, and/or color) of the light source todisplay information, recognizable patterns and other signs, indications,warnings etc. The controller may be any suitable device or method tocontrol the light source(s).

The light system of the preferred embodiment may also include a powersource, such as a battery, or may include a plug to transmit power froma power grid.

The general method of manufacturing the light system of the presentinvention includes creating a refractive index boundary between atransparent material and a substrate to form a light transmission pathakin to a light pipe within the substrate. The creation of therefractive index boundary may be made by insert molding, injectionmolding, compression molding, rotational molding, casting, sintering,foam infiltration, impregnation with liquid, selective curing, weaving,laminating, and any combination thereof.

In one preferred method, the refractive index boundary may be made bycasting an uncured substrate material with a first refractive indexaround a transparent material that has a second refractive index. Thiscasting includes both casting the substrate around a pre-formed networkof light pipes and embedding light pipes in as of yet uncured mass ofsubstrate. In another preferred method, the refractive index boundarymay be made by cutting a light pipe into a mass of transparent materialthus making a boundary between the light pipe and the remainder of themass of transparent material, i.e. the substrate. In another preferredmethod, the refractive index boundary may be made by incorporating alight pipe into a fabric, whether woven or non-woven of other fibers orof other light pipes. The light pipes may also be incorporated intolaminates.

Turning now, in particular, to the accompanying drawings for furtherillustration, shown in FIG. 1, one embodiment of the light system 10 mayinclude several light pipes 12, 14, 16 and 18 of a transparent materialand a round cross section embedded in a substrate 20. Light pipe 18 isshown in cross-section down its length and generally has a U-shape thatconnects a first location 22 on a first surface 24 of the substrate 20to a second location 26 on the same surface. Light pipe 14 is shown incross-section and generally has an L-shape that connects a location 28on the first surface 24 of the substrate with another location on asecond surface of the substrate. Light pipe 16 is shown in cross-sectionand generally has an S-shape that connects two opposing surfaces of thesubstrate. As can be seen, the light pipes may overlap each other or bewoven together.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 1 may be made by forming a mold in thedesired shape, e.g. a floor tile, for the light system, casting thesubstrate material into the mold and subsequently placing the lightpipes in the as yet uncured substrate material. The substrate materialis appropriately cured or allowed to cure on its own, provided that anyapplied cure condition do not unduly adversely effect the light pipes.Alternately, the substrate may be cast about pre-placed light pipes.Such a casting method may be used to pre-fabricate tiles or to cast thetiles in place. In this method, one preferred embodiment, the substratematerial expands on curing so as to provide a pre-stressed substratethat has increased strength compared to an un-stressed substrate.

As shown in FIG. 2, in another embodiment, the light system 100 includeslight pipes 102 that are of the same material as the substrate 104. Thedevice is formed from a plurality of sections 106 of substrate connectedtogether where each section contains a plurality of light pipes 102. Thelight pipes of the device, thus, generally run parallel to one another.Exemplary sections of the device 100 are shown in FIGS. 2 c and 2 d. Inthis embodiment, the light pipes are formed by cutting into atransparent material. The cuts form a refractive index boundary betweenthe portions of transparent material separated by the cut. Through cuts,partial cuts or combinations thereof may be used to form a section withone or more layers of light pipes in the section. The section shown inFIG. 2 c has two layers of light pipes made by two separate partialthickness cuts, while FIG. 2 d has a single layers of light pipes madewith through cuts. As can be seen, preferably, when through cuts areused, a portion 108 of the transparent material is not cut, preferablynear the edge of the transparent material. By not cutting through alongthe entire length of the light pipe, a connection point is formed sothat all the light pipes of the section are held together. These uncutportions also provide physical strength to the light system. The uncutportion may also help to provide a relatively smooth surface to thedevice. In addition, to the U-shaped light pipes seen in FIGS. 2 c and 2d, linear light pipes 110 and L-shaped light pipes 112 may be used, asseen in FIGS. 2 e and 2 f. Further, the uncut portion 108 need not be atthe surface, but may be in the interior.

A variety of known cutting devices and techniques may be used to formthe light pipes within the substrate. For example, a computer controlledcutting machine such as CNC using a laser is preferable because of itprecision, ease of use and minimal loss of material due to waste. Waterjet cutters, routers, grinders and cutters with blades, manuallycontrolled cutting machines, and combinations thereof or the like mayalso be suitable. In addition, chemical methods may be used such asetching or photo methods such as photolithography.

A variety of known devices and techniques may be used to fasten togetherthe various sections of the substrate. For example, an adhesive may beused, as can mechanical fasteners such nuts-and-bolts, screws, nails,snap-fit connectors, etc. Also, the various sections may be heldtogether in a frame or by a clamp, such that force keeps the sectionstogether as a unit. The light system can be created in a pre-cast orfactory environment or it can able be made on site or in situ. The lightsystem can consist of a single assembly, or may consist of multipleassemblies in one rectangular or other substantially flat element like atile all the way to multiple tiles tied together.

In another embodiment similar to the one shown in FIG. 2, the sectionsof the substrate may be cast. As seen in FIG. 3, a mold 200 of thesection is prepared and into which the casting material of the lightpipe is introduced. The casting material may be any suitable castabletransparent material including any of the transparent materialsdiscussed above. After curing, the light pipe containing section 202 isremoved from the mold 200. Preferably the mold is reusable, though itmay be disposable. The cast section may be trimmed or post treated asnecessary before being connected together with other sections to formthe light system 204. Casting may be preferable to other forms ofmanufacture because it allows for rapid, repetitive production ofsections.

In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, the light system 300 mayinclude light pipes 302 that are integrated into a substrate of fibers304. The light pipes are shown as woven with other fibers into a fabric;however, the light pipes may be incorporated with other fibers into anon-woven fabric or into a laminate, e.g. fiberglass.

As shown in FIGS. 5-7, the light system of the preferred embodimentincludes a substrate 30, a light source 32, and a rigid light pipe unit34 located in the substrate and adapted to transmit light from the lightsource to a surface of the substrate.

The light source may be a point source that illuminates several lightpipes within the rigid light pipe unit (shown in FIG. 5), or may be acollection of light sources that each individually illuminate a lightpipe within the rigid light pipe unit (shown in FIG. 6).

The rigid light pipe unit 34 of the preferred embodiment functions totransmit light from the light source to a surface of the substrate. Therigid light pipe unit 34 is preferably a combination of multiple lightpipes that are stacked in one of many possible variations. In the firstvariation (shown in FIG. 5), multiple light pipes are stacked and mergedto transmit light from one light source to multiple points on thesurface of the substrate. In this variation, the rigid light pipe unitmay include a single branched light pipe. The single branched light pipeinitiates at a first end and has a plurality of light pipe branch offtowards a plurality of second ends. In a second variation (shown in FIG.6), multiple light pipes are stacked (but held separate) to transmitlight from multiple light sources to multiple points on the surface ofthe substrate. In a third variation (shown in FIG. 8), multiple lightpipes are stacked and merged to transmit light from multiple lightsources to one point on the surface of the substrate. In this variation,the rigid light pipe unit may include a single branched light pipe. Thesingle branched light pipe initiates at a plurality of first ends andthen merges towards a smaller number of second ends, such that the ratioof first ends and second ends is greater than 1.

The substrate may include a plurality of sections, each containing atleast one rigid light pipe unit, coupled together, such that theplurality of sections are coupled together to create a pattern. Therigid light pipe units and/or the sections of the substrate can berepeated periodically in a random or organized manner in both the X andY direction on the surface of the substrate. The finished assembly canbe a recognizable logo, or graphic, a readable letter or other legibleinformation, the pattern can also be a generic “grid” that can beconfigured through the control of the lighting into different patterns,including information containing images and other legibleconfigurations.

The materials of the present invention may also be used in buildings aspre-fabricated wall, ceiling and flooring tiles, made-in-place tiles,other floor coverings, facade panels, pavers, bricks, siding, roofing,glass and concrete blocks, furniture panels, cabinetry panels,countertops, fabrics, rugs, carpets, wall coverings, room partitions,furniture, upholstery or window treatments (e.g. Venetian blinds). Thesematerials may provide either or both a utility and decorative functionto the article into which they are incorporated. For example, thesematerials may be used to include decorative designs, patterns orgraphics integrated into the articles. In addition, these materials maybe used in lighting fixtures.

As an example of a use of the invention as an architectural material,the devices may be incorporated into the wall, floor or ceiling of anentranceway. As flooring tiles, the devices may be cast-in-place tocreate a surface that is suitable for daily use. As wall coverings, thedevices may be fabric that is hung like tapestries or the devices may betiles secured to an underlying surface or structure. As ceiling tiles,the devices may be suspended like a drop ceiling or secured to anunderlying surface or structure. With additional light sources such aslamps or windows, the entranceway may provide an aesthetically appealingopening the office, building or residence.

In other embodiments, the materials of the present invention may be usein signage such as pedestrian, vehicle or bicycle activated billboardsand signage located in buildings, on buildings, in or on the roadway orsidewalk or located on freestanding supports. The signage may be usefulas temporary or permanent displays. Roadway signage and other safetyimplementations are particularly suitable uses for these materialsbecause the human peripheral vision is quite sensitive to movement. Inaddition, these materials could be incorporated into concrete barriersor bridge abutments.

The present materials are suitable for water related uses such as infountains, aquariums, fish tanks, tubs, pools (above ground and inground), spas and/or Jacuzzis. The materials may be suitable for use indinnerware, glassware and/or silverware. The present materials may beused as containers or cases for other objects such as retail productcontainers and computer cases. Fabrics incorporating these materials maybe made to any of the known uses for fabrics including as clothing.

One particularly suitable use for the present materials is in mouse padsfor optical mice.

It will be further appreciated that functions or structures of aplurality of components or steps may be combined into a single componentor step, or the functions or structures of one step or component may besplit among plural steps or components. The present inventioncontemplates all of these combinations. Unless stated otherwise,dimensions and geometries of the various structures depicted herein arenot intended to be restrictive of the invention, and other dimensions orgeometries are possible. Plural structural components or steps can beprovided by a single integrated structure or step. Alternatively, asingle integrated structure or step might be divided into separateplural components or steps. In addition, while a feature of the presentinvention may have been described in the context of only one of theillustrated embodiments, such feature may be combined with one or moreother features of other embodiments, for any given application. It willalso be appreciated from the above that the fabrication of the uniquestructures herein and the operation thereof also constitute methods inaccordance with the present invention.

The explanations and illustrations presented herein are intended toacquaint others skilled in the art with the invention, its principles,and its practical application. Those skilled in the art may adapt andapply the invention in its numerous forms, as may be best suited to therequirements of a particular use. Accordingly, the specific embodimentsof the present invention as set forth are not intended as beingexhaustive or limiting of the invention. The scope of the inventionshould, therefore, be determined not with reference to the abovedescription, but should instead be determined with reference to theappended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which suchclaims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles and references,including patent applications and publications, are incorporated byreference for all purposes.

1. A light system comprising: a light source; a substrate; at least onerefractive index boundary formed by at least one discontinuity in thesubstrate; and wherein the substrate is adapted to receive a light inputfrom the light source at a plurality of input locations and to transmitthe light output though the substrate to a plurality of outputlocations; wherein the input locations have a first spatial relationshipto one another, wherein the output locations have a second spatialrelationship to one another, and wherein the first spatial relationshipis different from the second spatial relationship thereby scramblinglight from the light source received at the input locations andtransmitted to the output locations.
 2. The light system of claim 1wherein the light source includes a plurality of light sources.
 3. Thelight system of claim 1 wherein the light source provides a light inputof a plurality of colors.
 4. The light system of claim 1 wherein therefractive index boundary is adapted to alter the direction of the lightin the substrate such that a light input is received by the substrate atan input location and the refractive index boundary alters the directionof the light input such that the substrate transmits the light to anoutput location.
 5. The light system of claim 1 wherein thediscontinuity is selected from the group consisting of a through cut, apartial cut, an edge, a rim, a lip, a perimeter, and a border.
 6. Thelight system of claim 1 wherein the substrate includes a first surface,and wherein both the plurality of input locations and the plurality ofoutput locations are on the first surface.
 7. The light system of claim1 wherein the substrate includes a first surface and a second surface,and wherein at least a portion of the plurality of input locations is onthe first surface and at least a portion of the plurality of outputlocations are on the second surface.
 8. The light system of claim 7wherein the second surface is opposite the first surface.
 9. The lightsystem of claim 8 wherein the substrate has multiple sides, wherein eachof the sides defines a surface area, wherein the first surface is one ofthe two sides with the largest surface area.
 10. The light system ofclaim 1 wherein the light source is covered and protected.
 11. A lightsystem comprising: a light source; a substrate including a plurality ofsections coupled together; and at least one refractive index boundaryformed by at least one discontinuity in at least one section of thesubstrate; wherein the substrate is to receive a light input from thelight source at a plurality of input locations and to transmit the lightoutput to a plurality of locations; wherein the input locations have afirst spatial relationship to one another, wherein the output locationshave a second spatial relationship to one another, and wherein the firstspatial relationship is different from the second spatial relationshipthereby scrambling light from the light source received at the inputlocations and transmitted to the output locations.
 12. The light systemof claim 11 wherein the substrate is transparent.
 13. The light systemof claim 11 wherein a refractive index boundary is defined by at leastone first cut in the section.
 14. The light system of claim 13 wherein asecond refractive index boundary is defined by at least one second cutin the same section.
 15. The light system of claim 14 wherein a thirdrefractive index boundary is defined by at least one third cut in thesame section.
 16. A light system comprising: a light source thatprovides a light input; a substrate that receives a light input from aninput location and transmits the light output through the substrate toan output location; a first refractive index boundary formed by a firstdiscontinuity in the substrate that is located at a first distance fromthe input location; and a second refractive index boundary formed by asecond discontinuity in the substrate that is located at a seconddistance from the input location, wherein the second distance isdifferent from the first distance; wherein the substrate receives thelight input at the input location on the substrate, the light istransmitted though the substrate to the first refractive index boundary,the first refractive index boundary deflects the light toward the secondrefractive index boundary, the light is transmitted though the substratethrough the second distance to the second refractive index boundary, thesecond refractive index boundary deflects the light toward an outputlocation on the substrate, and the light output is transmitted to theoutput location.
 17. The light system of claim 16 wherein the first andsecond discontinuities are cuts in the substrate that each form arefractive index boundary between the portions of substrate separated bythe cut.
 18. The light system of claim 17 wherein the first and seconddiscontinuities are cuts that each form a refractive index boundary at afirst angle from a surface of the substrate, wherein the first angle isone of 45 degrees and 135 degrees.
 19. The light system of claim 18further including a third discontinuity that forms a third refractiveindex boundary at a second angle from the same surface of the substrateat a third distance from the input location, wherein the second issubstantially identical to the first angle and the third distance isdifferent from the second distance.
 20. The light system of claim 19wherein the substrate receives the light input at the input location onthe substrate; the light is transmitted though the substrate to thefirst refractive index boundary; the first refractive index boundarydeflects the light toward the second and third refractive indexboundaries; wherein the first refractive index boundary deflects aportion of the light toward the second refractive index boundary, thelight is transmitted through the substrate through the second distance,and the second refractive index boundary deflects the light toward afirst output location on the substrate; and the first refractive indexboundary deflects another portion of the light toward the thirdrefractive index boundary, the light is transmitted through thesubstrate through the third distance, and the third refractive indexboundary deflects the light toward a second output location on thesubstrate; and the light output is transmitted to the first and secondoutput locations.